INTERNET在中国

近几年中国经济发展迅速，变得越来越开放，同时全球性信息基础设施建设亦成为世界趋势。中国政府正在推进中国信息基础设施（China Information Infrastructure，CII）的建设，Internet连接成为关注热点之一。

中国第一个与外国合作的网络是1988年建立的中国学术网络（China Academic Network，CANET）。CANET使用X.25技术，通过德国karlruhe大学的一个网络接口可与Internet 交换E-mail。中国数十个教育和研究结构已经加入了CANET。1990年，CANET在InterNic中注册了国家域名“CN”。

1990年中国研究网络（China Research Network，CRN）建成，该网络同样使用X.25通过RARE与国外交换信息，CRN目前已联结了十多个研究结构。

1993年中国高能物理研究所与Stanford大学建立了直接联系，到1994年已为该所建立了全方位的Internet连接。

1989年中国国家计划委员会和世界银行开始支持一个称为“国家计算设施”（National Computing Facilities of China，NCFC）的项目，该项目包括一个超级计算机中心和三个院校网络，即中国科学院网络（CASnet）、清华大学校园网（TUnet）和北京大学校园网（PUnet）。1992年这三个院校网络各自分别建成。1994年，建成了一个64Kbps的国际线路，使CASnet、TUnet和PUnet用户可对Internet进行全方位访问。

在过去几年中，其他大学和研究所也已建成了E-mail甚至全方位Internet连接，中国和世界上的许多人士无疑都希望中国的科学团体能够加入全球性Internet，然而几乎所有的中国网络专家感到缺乏协调。其重要原因之一是，1993年之前没有一个全国范围的教育和科研Internet主干网。因此，各个结构只能寻找自己的联络。当然，现在情况正在改变。

1993年2月，中国教育和科研计算机网（China Education and Research Network，CERNET）项目开始计划。这是中国第一个全国范围的教育和科研计算机网络。该项目由中国政府出资，由国家教委直管。在不久的将来该网络将连接中国所有的大学和研究所，在本世纪末将连接中学、小学及其他教育和科研机构。CERNET将与全球Internet联网，成为中国Internet的主要部分。

CERNET在过去的几个月中已取得很大进展：

(1) 在国家网络中心和八个地区网络中心的10个网点安装了全国主干网和地区网络中心路由器（24+）以及计算机服务器。

(2) 通过X.25连接的IP已开始工作了8个多月，连接了15所高校。

(3) 128K国际DDN连线已在运行。

(4) 64K全国主干网DDN连线已经在北京 ---- 上海、北京 ---- 广州、上海 ---- 沈阳、西安 ---- 成都及上海 ---- 南京之间运行。

(5) CERNET已资助了120多个研究与发展项目，并将于1995年底对这些项目进行评估。

(6) IP地址再分配协议已在CERNET与APNIC之间达成，依据该协议已有10个超级区块分配给了CERNET。CERNET中应用了CIDR技术，大约700个C级IP已分配给了中国的大学。

(7) 已开发了众多信息资源， 它们可通过全球Internet获取。

CERNET项目是中国进度最快的项目之一。由于中国人口众多，CERNET将会使Internet用户数量急剧增加。

最近，中国也在进行商业Internet计划。邮政和电讯局将开始提供商业性Internet服务，其他中国公司也将考虑进入商业Internet市场。尽管经历了25年的发展，Internet开始进入商业化过程，但由于中国缺乏Internet经验，CERNET在中国所有Internet竞争者中有着独特的和不可替代的位置。我们相信CERNET将会极大改善中国教育及科研机构的基础设施，并培训出网络专家和有经验的网络用户，它将会推进中国教育、科研和经济的发展。

（节选自“CERNET项目进展报告”）

The CERNET Project Progress Report

1. Introduction

China's eonomy has been growing very fast in recent years and China is becoming more and more
open to the outside world. At the same time, the construction of the global information
infrastructure has become a world trend. The Chinese government is promoting the construction
of the China Information Infrastructure (CII), with the Internet connection forming one of the
major concerns. The first network cooperating with the outside world in China is China Academic
Network (CANET) which was established in 1988. CANET can exchange email with Internet using
X.25 technology via a gateway in Karlruhe University, Germany. Dozens of China's education and
research entities have joined CANET. In 1990 CANET registered the top domain "cn" in InterNic.
In 1990, China Research Network (CRN) was established. This network also uses X.25 link to
exchange information with the outside world via RARE. There are more than ten research entities
connected by CRN.

In 1993, the Institute of High Energy Physics in China established a direct link to Stanford
University, USA. By 1994, a full Internet connectivity had been established for IHEP. In 1989,
the China State Planning Commission and the World Bank started to support a project called
National Computing Facilities of China (NCFC). This project includes a supercomputer center and
three campus networks, i.e. China Academic of Science Network (CASnet), Tsinghua University
Network (TUnet) and Peking University Network (PUnet). The construction of these three
individual campus networks had been completed by 1992. In 1994, a 64 Kbps satellite link was
established and full Internet access became available to the users of CASnet, TUnet and PUnet.

There are other universities and research institutes who have established email or even full
Internet links during the past few years. It is for sure that many people in China and all over
the world want Chinese academic societies to join the global Internet. However, almost all
Chinese network experts shared in the concern about the lack of coordination. One of the
important reasons for this kind of situation is that no nation-wide education and research
Internet backbone had been planned until 1993. Consequently, each entity had to look for its
own connection. However, things are changing now.

In December 1993, the China Education and Research Network (CERNET) project started to be
planned. It is the first nation-wide education and research computer network in China. The
CERNET project is funded by the Chinese government and directly managed by the Chinese State
Education Commission. CERNET will connect all the universities and institutes in China in the
near future and will connect high schools, middle schools, primary schools and other education
and research entities by the end of this century. CERNET will link to the global Internet and
will become a major part of the Chinese Internet community.

Recently, commercial Internet projects are also carrying on in China. The ministry of Post and
Tele-communication will start providing commercial Internet service very soon. Other Chinese
companies will also consider joining the commercial Internet market. Although after 25 years'
growth, the Internet is getting into the commercialization process, due to the lack of Internet
experience in China, CERNET has its unique and unreplaceable status among all the Internet
competitors in China. We believe CERNET will greatly improve the education and research
infrastructure in China and train network experts as well as experienced network end users. In
a word, it will help to boost China's education, research and economic developments.

2. Overview of the CERNET Project

China is one of the largest countries in the world. It has a territory of 9.6M km2 and a
population of 1.1 billion. There are 28 provinces, 517 cities and 1,075 universities and
institutes in China.

The main objective of the CERNET project is to establish a nation-wide education and research
network infrastructure to support education and research in and among universities, institutes
and schools in China using the up-to-date telecommunication and computer techniques. Its
specific aims are as follows:

(1) Establish a nationwide backbone which connects eight regional networks and connect them to
the global Internet.

(2) Set up a national network center.

(3) Set up ten regional network nodes.

(4) Adopt TCP/IP as the network protocol and establish network management systems.

(5) Provide Internet applications and develop China's information resources and applications.

The CERNET Administration Board is the highest level of the CERNET organization, which,
composed of government officials, is in charge of policy making. The CERNET Technical Board is
the technical administration board for planning, designing, implementation and updating the
network.

The National Network Center is the entity responsible for the backbone construction, execution,
maintenance, management and operation. It is also in charge of setting up the CERNET
information resources. The Regional Network Centers are the regional network service nodes,
which undertake the role of providing the necessary connections and services for linking the
campus network of each university/institution to the CERNET backbone. The campus networks are
at the bottom of the whole structure and directly serve the end users.

The CERNET national network center includes a network information center (NIC), a network
operation center (NOC), a tele-communication division, a supercomputer division, a R&D
division, a user service division and a training division. The CERNET regional network nodes
also have a similar structure.

Although the demand for Internet connection is very high in China, the construction of the
campus network is still in the very early stage. It is true that personal computers are getting
more and more popular in China, but most of them are running DOS and Windows. Accordingly, IPX
is the dominant network protocol. It is interesting to note that, while in some of the
developed countries, the nation-wide backbone was established after the construction of campus
networks, in China, by contrast, we are trying to establish the nation-wide backbone to boost
the construction of the campus network. Due to the funding constrain, the strategies of CERNET
planning are as follows:

Centralized planning and decentralized implementation. Based on the CERNET project, the
nation-wide backbone and the global Internet connection are fully supported by the Chinese
government, while the construction of the regional networks and campus networks will utilize
funds coming from different sources. Therefore, the overall network structure is designed by
the CERNET Technical Board and can be realized when funding permits.

Based on the open/standard principle, adopting TCP/IP as the major network protocol. Therefore,
full Internet access can be realized to all education and research communities in China.

Strategically supporting the promotion of the regional network nodes and the construction of
campus networks. The "early bird" universities can become the connection points of the local
areas and get benefits.

Centralized management and operational control of the backbone and decentralized management and
control of regional networks. Due to the scale of CERNET, the nation-wide backbone and all the
backbone routers are managed by the network center, while the management of the regional
networks is undertaken by the corresponding regional network centers.

Developing Chinese network application tools and network resources. The localization is always
a major problem for Chinese society. Therefore, much attention is devoted to the development of
the Chinese environment. In addition, a long term plan has been made to build up China's
information resources. CERNET has a three-layer hierarchy (the nationwide backbone, regional
networks and campus networks).

The network center is located at Tsinghua University, Beijing. The backbone nodes are set in
Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Xi'an, Wuhan, Chengdu and Shenyang cities. Each node
will become the regional network center and serve several provinces.

Region Provinces

Beijing (BJ) Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia Shanghai(SH) Shanghai, Zhejiang,
Fujian, Jiangxi

Nanjing(NJ) Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong

Xi'an(XA) Shannxi, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang

Guangzhou(GZ) Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan Wuhan (WH) Hubei, Hunan, Henan Chengdu (CD) Sichuan,
Yunnan, Tibet, Guizhou

Shenyang(SY) Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin

The network implementation uses a multiple ring topology, which provides redundant paths
between any two backbone nodes.

The digital data network (DDN) provided by the Ministry of the Post and Communication and/or
some telecommunication corporations will be used as the basic communication carrier. The data
transmission rate starts at 64 Kbps to 2.048 Mbps (E1). The public data network (X.25) will be
used as the backup channel.

There will be one to four links to the global Internet, each with a data transmission rate
greater than or equal to 64 Kbps. The first remote node is set in the United States with the
trunk speed 128 Kbps (256 Kpbs in the near future). Other remote nodes will be located in the
Asia Pacific Region and Europe.

The backbone nodes are interconnected by routers. The backbone itself forms an autonomous
system, OSPF is selected as the interior routing protocol. Eight regional networks also form
their own autonomous systems, BGP-4 is selected as the exterior routing protocol between the
CERNET backbone and regional networks. The CIDR technology is used in each regional network. At
this moment, about ten superblocks are reserved for the CERNET universities and institutes.

CERNET is a TCP/IP based network and will support all the Internet applications, which include
communication between people - email, usenet news, talk, cu-seeme, mbone, etc., obtaining
information - anonymous ftp, archie, gopher, www, etc. and using computers - telnet,
client/server systems, etc. Recently, special funding is set up to support network
applications. Hundreds of proposals have been received by the CERNET Technical Board and
carefully reviewed. The supported research and development are in the following areas.

(1) Develop Chinese network environment, including Chinese email and information discovery
system for different platforms. It is interesting to note that different Chinese coding systems
are used in the global Internet. For example, GB code is used in mainland China, while BIG5
code is used in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Other Chinese coding methods are also used by different
groups. In order to set up a Chinese information exchange standard, a working group including
CERNET experts has been formed to work out a RFC.

(2) Develop China's and Chinese information resources. There are so many interesting topics,
including China's history, geography, culture and other things, for example Peking opera, the
Three Gorges, Chinese stamps collection, Chinese martial arts, Chinese medicine and so on. A
lot of information servers are expected to come out in the near future, which can be accessed
by the global Internet.

(3) Develop multimedia communication application, computer collaboration and other research
projects.

(4) Distributed library, remote education and other big projects are also proposed and will be
funded by different government entities. In mainland China, there are 1,075 universities,
390,000 professors and staff members, 94,200 graduate students and 2,184,000 undergraduate
students.

The distribution of the universities and students corresponding to the eight regional networks
is shown in the following figure.

Region Universities Students

Beijing 191 372,212

Shanghai 153 305,646

Nanjing 156 325,629

Xi'an 100 180,245

Guangzhou 74 145,255

Wuhan 156 302,063

Chengdu 113 219,664

Shenyang 147 287,751

More than 100 campus networks will be connected to CERNET in two years, each of which will, on
average, consist of more than 2,000 computers.

The rest 900+ universities and institutes will be connected to CERNET in five years. Following
that, more than 39,412 middle schools with 55,120,000 students and 160,000 primary schools with
122,000,000 pupils will also be linked to CERNET. Since China has the largest population,
CERNET will be the largest education and research network in the world.

Due to the huge requirement of IP addresses for the CERNET project, the establishment process
of IPNG may get boosted.

There are two phases of implementation. During the first phase (1994-1995), the national
network center, ten regional network nodes, the nation-wide backbone and the global Internet
connection will be established. There will be more than 100 universities and institutes
connected to CERNET in this implementation phase.

In the second phase of implementation (1996-2000), CERNET will connect all the universities,
institutes, thousands of middle schools, primary schools and other education and research
entities in China. The data transmission rate of the CERNET backbone will be increased, new
technology will be adopted and new applications will be available to most of the people in the
education and research community.

3. Recent Progress

The CERNET project has achieved great progress in the past few months.

(1) The IP over X.25 link has been working for more than 8 months connecting about 15
universities.

(2) The national backbone and regional network center routers (24+) and computer servers have
been installed in the 10 nodes in the national network center and 8 regional network centers.

(3) The 128 K international DDN link is working now.

(4) The 64 K national backbone DDN links between Beijing and Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou,
Shanghai and Shenyang as well as Xi'an and Chengdu are running.

(5) More than 120 research and development projects have been founded by CERNET and these
projects will be evaluated by the end of 1995.

(6) IP address reassignment agreement have been made between CERNET and APNIC. Based on this
agreement, 10 super blocks have been assigned to CERNET. The CIDR technology is used for
CERNET. About 700 class C IP address have already been assigned to the universities in China.

Region IP space

Beijing 202.112.0.0 202.113.0.0

Shanghai 202.120.0.0 202.121.0.0

Nanjing 202.119.0.0

Xi'an 202.117.0.0

Guangzhou 202.116.0.0

Wuhan 202.114.0.0

Chengdu 202.115.0.0

Shenyang 202.118.0.0

(7) The following network resources have been developed which can be accessed by the global
Internet.

ftp://ftp.cernet.edu.cn

gopher://gopher.cernet.edu.cn

http://www.cernet.edu.cn

news://news.cernet.edu.cn

telnet: lib00.tsinghua.edu.cn,

login: public (Tsinghua Univ Lib. Chinese and English Catalog)

listserv: iic-l@cernet.edu.cn (Internet in China discussion group)

listserv: chisa-cm@chisa.edu.cn (China's Scholars Abroad Chinese Magazine)

CU-SeeME

reflector:cernet.edu.cn ID 0

The CERNET home page is pretty popular in the Internet community. The total amount of retrieved
files from CERNET www server are more than 10 G bytes.

The CERNET project is one of the fastest progressing projects in China. Due to the huge
population in China, CERNET will dramatically increase the number of users in the Internet
community.

( reported by Xing Li, xing@cernet.edu.cn )

CERNET地区网建设简讯

江苏省教育和科研计算机网建设领导小组召开第一次会议

江苏省教育和科研计算机网（以下简称JSERNET）建设领导小组第一次会议于95年6月8日上午在东南大学中心楼JSERNET网络中心举行。省人大常委会副主任、领导小组顾问吴锡军同志，省长助理、领导小组组长王珉同志及领导小组成员出席了会议。会议由王珉同志主持，省教委副主任、领导小组副组长刘迪吉同志通报了前一段时间工作和有关成立管理委员会、专家委员会及网络中心的情况；会议审定了「江苏省教育和科研计算机网组织管理条例（讨论稿）」。

会上，吴锡军同志指出要建好具有自身特色的信息资源，并及时维护、更新。只有这样，才能充分发挥网络的效益。同时她希望通过JSERNET的建设，能为全省网络建设、管理和信息资源协调提供有益的经验。

王珉同志在会上讲了话。他指出，教育和科研计算机网是我省高等教育事业进一步发展提高的重要基础设施之一，它的建设必将对江苏高等教育事业的发展和我省的现代化建设起到重要作用。他还指出，要探索一种机制，使网络中心成为一个信息服务、科研实践、人才培养以及计算机网络技术开发的基地。

JSERNET管理委员会和专家委员会在宁成立

3月23日，JSERNET管理委员会和专家委员会在南京成立，同时在东南大学逸夫科技馆召开了第一次会议。来自省教委、南京大学、东南大学、南京邮电学院、中国矿业大学、苏州大学、扬州大学、南京理工大学和南京航空航天大学等单位的21位代表出席了会议。

两个委员会就工作职责、建设目标、组织结构、工作要求等方面进行了讨论。同时决定在东南大学建设JSERNET网络中心，它由管理委员会直接领导，在技术上接受专家委员会的协调，在行政上隶属东南大学管辖。

JSERNET专家委员会举行第二次会议

JSERNET专家委员会第二次会议于95年4月20日至21日在南京东南大学召开。专家委员会的全体成员参加了会议。会议着重讨论了以下问题：

通信线路问题；

主干网入网设备的采购问题；

管理条例的起草；

应用系统课题的设立。

会议还讨论了管理委员会委托召开的JSERNET入网高校研讨会的内容安排。

华东北地区网络中心建设进展顺利

东南大学对中国教育网和江苏省网络工程予以了高度重视和大力支持，在校内办公用房十分紧张的情况下，为网络中心分配了四百多平方米的机房和办公用房。目前网络中心的通信机房、监控机房、工作机房、培训教室等主要工作环境的建设已经完成。

网络中心的设备主要由CERNET项目投资，由美国CISCO公司、SUN公司和IBM公司提供目前最先进的设备，预计全部设备的到货及安装调试将在6月底完成。

网络中心的所有通信线路均在申请过程中，一条X.25线路和两条长途DDN线路的市内端已开始施工。

网络中心设置主任和副主任（兼总工程师）各一人，并下设数据通信室、网络管理室、网络应用室以及行政办公室，定编为15人。目前以有8人进入中心的建设工作。

南航等四所高校校园网方案通过专家委员会的评审

目前，南京航空航天大学、南京理工大学、中国矿业大学、南京师范大学的校园网方案已通过JSERNET专家委员会的评审。南航已完成工程设计，即将进入实施阶段；矿大正在进行工程设计，南师大的线路已安装完成。管理委员会要求首批入网的18所高校争取今年10月份联网成功。

JSERNET专家委员会举行第三次会议

JSERNET专家委员会第三次会议于95年6月20至21日在东南大学网络中心召开。专家委员会全体成员参加了会议。这次会议主要是为即将召开的管委会会议及首批联网高校的校长和校园网负责人会议准备的。会议讨论了欲提交给管委会审批的JSERNET用户管理条例、JSERNET专家委员会工作条例、JSERNET组织管理条例及JSERNET应用课题申请指南等。 省教委副主任刘迪吉同志参加了21日上午的会议。

东南大学校园网服务体系初见端倪

东南大学校园网工程已于近日完成，开通后的校园网已能向网上用户提供全球E-mail服务，WWW系统支持下的“东南大学校情系统”等各种服务。
目前网络可向网上用户提供如下服务：
全球E-mail服务；
网络光盘检索；
图书、期刊目录检索；
校内中文邮件；
教育管理信息系统；
校内新闻及会议安排；
校园网使用指南。

CERNET主干网采用专用路由器联网成功

1995年2月25日，CISCO公司在清华大学举行讲座，向CERNET各地区有关人员介绍了他们捐赠的2501路由器的使用方法。各地区中心随即将各自的路由器带回并进行联网试验。3月上旬，各地区中心先后采用CISCO路由器与清华大学网络中心实现联网。由于采用路由器是一新事物，需要一段时间逐步调试和稳定，以提高CERNET网络通信服务质量。东北地区网络中心在这次升级调试过程中一直比较顺利，保证了网络通信畅通。

东北地区高校逐步加入CERNET

CERNET东北地区网络第一次工作会议召开之后，各校对校园网建设和加入CERNET都很积极。大连理工大学、吉林大学、大连海事大学等先后通过电话拨号与地区网络中心连通。随后，大连理工大学又采用X.28方式通过CHINAPAC与地区网络中心连接。此外，中科院沈阳金属研究所也已通过电话拨号与地区中心连接。

黑龙江省CERNET会议在哈尔滨工业大学召开

1995年3月11日，黑龙江省CERNET会议在哈尔滨工业大学召开。共有11所大学参加，它们是：哈尔滨工业大学、哈尔滨科技大学、哈尔滨工程大学、东北林业大学、黑龙江大学、农大、哈尔滨医科大学、大庆石油、哈尔滨师大、中医学院、哈尔滨建筑大学。会上宣布成立黑龙江省CERNET管委会，由教委董浩主任任管委会主任，由哈尔滨工业大学强文义副校长认副主任。哈尔滨工业大学蒋重响教授任专家组组长，另外再选一至二名副组长。并准备召开专家组会议，讨论黑龙江省的联网方案。

哈尔滨工业大学校园光纤网即将建成

哈尔滨工业大学购买的DECFDDI主干网络设备现已全部到货，正在安装。网络有四各主干节点，配有DEC的HUB900，用Bridge900组成100Mbps的光纤环形网，由它们辐射到全校17个教学大楼，每栋大楼配有路由器，连接2－－4个局部网络。全校共有40多个局部网络、2000多台PC、几百台工作站和小型机。估计4月底所有设备可安装调试完毕。

东北大学校部子网络与校园网中心实现联网

校部子网络是东北大学校园网一期工程的重点项目，已于1994年12月建成，初期采用电话线路与校园网中心相连。为尽快发挥校部子网络的作用，在校园光纤主干网建成之前，校部子网络将采用CNINAPAC与外界直接相连。目前已采用这种方式与校园网中心联通，大大方便了校部子网的用户。

抚顺石油学院积极准备加入CERNET

为尽早加入CERNET，抚顺石油学院在无预算的情况下，决定先期拨款20万元建设校园网中心，实现与CERNET联网。校园网的建设经费已经列入计划。

CERNET华南地区网络工程动态

1994年4月在广东省高教厅主持下，于深圳大学召开了全省各高校管理信息系统工作会议。7月在华南理工大学举办了华南地区网络技术培训活动，有广东、广西和海南三省（区）的20多所高校参加。培训后各校将集体采购的设备带返学校，先后连通了X.25或DDN。已有10多所院校同华南理工大学CERNET华南地区网络中心成功联网，各校还在基于WWW上建立和完善各自的学校综合信息系统。